文法 #96 名詞の一覧

[名詞の一覧]

名詞を5種類に分ける場合
→ ①普通名詞、②固有名詞、③集合名詞、④物質名詞、⑤抽象名詞

普通名詞固有名詞は反意語の関係
→ 「一般的なもの」と「特定のもの」

具象名詞抽象名詞は反意語の関係
→ 「五感で識別できるもの」と「五感で識別できないもの」

加算名詞不可算名詞は反意語の関係
→ 「数えられるもの」と「数えられないもの」

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #92 普通名詞と固有名詞
→ 文法 #93 具象名詞と抽象名詞
→ 文法 #94 加算名詞と不可算名詞
→ 文法 #95 その他の名詞(集合名詞 / 物質名詞 / 複合名詞 / 所有名詞)

文法 #95 その他の名詞(集合名詞 / 物質名詞 / 複合名詞 / 所有名詞)

[集合名詞]
集合名詞は、audience(観客)、family(家族)、government(政府)、team(チーム)など、人々または物のグループを指します。
アメリカ英語ではほとんどの集団名詞は単数として扱われるが、イギリス英語では単数・複数いずれにも扱われます。
  • The whole family was at the table. (アメリカ英語・イギリス英語)
  • The whole family were at the table. (イギリス英語ではこれもOK)

[物質名詞]
物が作られる材料または物質を指します。不可算名詞として扱います。
  • We use cotton from a local farm in our t-shirts.
  • Protein is critical for energy.
  • Among beverages I like to drink coffee in the morning.

[複合名詞]
複数の単語を結合して1つの名詞を形成することを言います。
  • softball(ソフトボール)/ toothpaste(歯磨き粉):1単語
  • six-pack(6パック) / son-in-law(義理の息子):ハイフンで結合
  • post office(郵便局)/ upper class(上流階級):複数単語で形成

[所有名詞]
ものに対しての所有権を示します。「's」 を付けて表します。
  • Fred’s car is old.
  • Ireland's landscape is truly breathtaking.
  • Tigers’ claws are very sharp.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #96 名詞の一覧

→ 文法 #92 普通名詞と固有名詞
→ 文法 #93 具象名詞と抽象名詞
→ 文法 #94 加算名詞と不可算名詞

文法 #94 加算名詞と不可算名詞

[加算名詞]
数えることのできる名詞。
  • dog, cat, animal, man, person
  • bottle, box, litre
  • coin, note, dollar
  • cup, plate, fork
  • table, chair, suitcase, bag
単数の場合、a / the / my / this といった単語が付きます。
  • I want an orange.
  • Where is my bottle?
複数の場合、そのままで使うことが多いです。
  • I like oranges.
  • Bottles can break.
加算名詞には some、any、a few、many といった 数量形容詞 を付けることができます。
  • I've got some dollars. (some:肯定文)
  • Have you got any pens? (any:否定文や疑問文)
  • I've got a few dollars.
  • I haven't got many pens.

[不可算名詞]
物質や概念といった、要素を分解することのできない名詞。
  • music, art, love, happiness
  • advice, information, news
  • furniture, luggage
  • rice, sugar, butter, water
  • electricity, gas, power
  • money, currency
通常単数形です。
  • This news is very important.
  • Your luggage looks heavy.
単数でも a / an の冠詞を使うことはしない。(×an information / ×a music)
a ~ of といった用法はできます。
  • a piece of news
  • a bottle of water
  • a grain of rice
不加算名詞には some、any、a little、much といった 数量形容詞 を付けることができます。
  • I've got some money. (some:肯定文)
  • Have you got any rice? (any:否定文や疑問文)
  • I've got a little money.
  • I haven't got much rice.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #96 名詞の一覧

→ 文法 #92 普通名詞と固有名詞
→ 文法 #93 具象名詞と抽象名詞
→ 文法 #95 その他の名詞(集合名詞 / 物質名詞 / 複合名詞 / 所有名詞)

文法 #93 具象名詞と抽象名詞

[具象名詞]
物理的に経験できる名詞。通常、名詞は人、場所、物であると教えられているため、ほとんどの名詞は具象名詞となる。以下の名詞は全て具象名詞(普通名詞 / 固有名詞 / 加算名詞 / 不可算名詞 / 集合名詞)。
  • dog / whistling / stew / flower / skin(普通名詞)
  • Susan / OB-LA-DI,OB-LA-DA / Chip star / Febreze / Merino wool(固有名詞)
  • pet bottle / sounds / rock sugar / perfume / bill (加算名詞)
  • air / music / medicine / seaspray / baggage (不可算名詞)
  • team / choir / confectionery / herd / troupe (集合名詞)
具象名詞は五感で体験でき、上の例は 視覚 / 聴覚 / 味覚 / 嗅覚 / 触覚 の順に1つづつ並べています。

[抽象名詞]
目にしたり触れたりできないもの。抽象名詞は不可算名詞。
  • courage, love, pleasure, acceptance, democracy, progress, etc

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #96 名詞の一覧

→ 文法 #92 普通名詞と固有名詞
→ 文法 #94 加算名詞と不可算名詞
→ 文法 #95 その他の名詞(集合名詞 / 物質名詞 / 複合名詞 / 所有名詞)

文法 #92 普通名詞と固有名詞

[普通名詞(Common Nouns)]
普通名詞(一般名詞)は厳密な定義は存在しないようで、資料・文献により2種類の扱いがある。
  1. 固有名詞のグループ化として扱う場合
    • country, man, week, teacher, family, nation, air, wood, music, danger, ...
      ※family / nation といったものは集合名詞、air / wood といったものは物質名詞、music / danger といったものは抽象名詞にカテゴライズし、これにより全ての名詞を「普通名詞、集合名詞、固有名詞、物質名詞、抽象名詞」の5種類に分ける。基本的に日本人向けの文法書はこのパターン。
  2. 固有名詞以外全てとする場合
    • country, man, week, teacher, family, nation, air, wood, music, danger, ...
      ※固有名詞と区別するためのカテゴリ。英語圏での文法解説はこのパターン。

[固有名詞(Proper Nouns)]
特定の人、場所、または物を識別する名前に使う。
英語では大文字で始まり、通常複数形にはならない。
  • Japan, Steve, Monday, ...

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #96 名詞の一覧

→ 文法 #93 具象名詞と抽象名詞
文法 #94 加算名詞と不可算名詞
→ 文法 #95 その他の名詞(集合名詞 / 物質名詞 / 複合名詞 / 所有名詞)

文法 #91 形容詞の一覧

[形容詞の一覧]
  • 数量形容詞
    • both / all / any / some / etc
    • one / two / three / four / five ・・・(基数形容詞)
    • first / second / third / forth / fifth ・・・(序数形容詞)
  • 性質形容詞
    • kind / busy / glad / sweet / sorry / right / etc
  • 疑問形容詞
    • what / which
  • 関係形容詞
    • what / which / whatever / whichever


→ 文法 #88 数量形容詞
→ 文法 #89 性質形容詞
→ 文法 #90 疑問形容詞
→ 文法 #73 関係形容詞

文法 #90 疑問形容詞

[疑問形容詞]
  • what / which

[what]
  • Can you tell what kind of apple this is?
  • Do you know what time that accident happened?
  • She advised him on what books to read.

[which]
  • I guess it doesn't make any difference which swimming club I join.
  • If you had a time machine, which year would you visit?
  • I had trouble deciding which brand of dog food to feed my dog.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #91 形容詞の一覧

→ 文法 #88 数量形容詞
→ 文法 #89 性質形容詞
→ 文法 #73 関係形容詞

文法 #89 性質形容詞

[性質形容詞]
  • 本来形容詞のもの(大部分の形容詞)
  • 名詞が形容詞に転じたもの
    • 名詞がその形のまま形容詞の働きをする
    • 名詞が派生形となって形容詞の働きをする
  • 動詞が形容詞に転じたもの
    • 現在分詞で形容詞の働きをする
    • 過去分詞で形容詞の働きをする
    • 動名詞で形容詞の働きをする
    • 動詞が派生形となって形容詞の働きをする
  • 副詞が形容詞に転じたもの

[本来形容詞のもの]
  • kind / busy / glad / sweet / sorry / right ・・・

[名詞がその形のまま形容詞の働きをする]
  • cat food  / city hall / fruit juice ・・・
  • sports news (※複数形となることはごくまれ)

[名詞が派生形となって形容詞の働きをする]
  • Japanese food(接尾辞:ese)
  • healthy salad (接尾辞:y)
  • wooden house (接尾辞:en)※wood chair のように変化しないこともある
  • musical instrument (接尾辞:al)※music video のように変化しないこともある
  • beautiful scenery (接尾辞:ful)

[現在分詞で形容詞の働きをする]
  • following day / aging society / rising sun ・・・

[過去分詞で形容詞の働きをする]
  • broken camera / detailed information / fallen leaves ・・・

[動名詞で形容詞の働きをする]
  • writing skill / smoking room / swimming pool / running shows ・・・

[動詞が派生形となって形容詞の働きをする]
  • countless star (接尾辞:less)
  • wearable mask (接尾辞:able)
  • creative art (接尾辞:ive)

[副詞が形容詞に転じたもの]
  • Up train (上り列車)
  • nearly 3% of Japanese
  • almost 2,000 yen
※nearly と almost は数量形容詞と言った方がいいかもしれない

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #91 形容詞の一覧

→ 文法 #88 数量形容詞
→ 文法 #90 疑問形容詞
→ 文法 #73 関係形容詞

文法 #88 数量形容詞

[数量形容詞]
  • 不定数量形容詞
    • 加算名詞に使う不定数量形容詞
    • 不可算名詞に使う不定数量形容詞
  • 数詞形容詞
    • 基数形容詞:個数を表す
    • 序数形容詞:順序を表す

[不定数量形容詞]
  • both(両方の):加算 名詞に使う
  • all(全部の):加算 / 不可算 名詞に使う
  • any (いかなる):加算 / 不可算 名詞に使う
  • some (いくつかの):加算 / 不可算 名詞に使う
  • no (まったく~ない):加算 / 不可算 名詞に使う
  • either (どちらか一方の):加算 名詞に使う
  • neither (どちらも~ない):加算 名詞に使う
  • each (おのおのの):加算 名詞に使う
  • every (すべての):加算 名詞に使う
  • enough (十分な):加算 / 不可算 名詞に使う
  • few (ほとんど~ない):加算 名詞に使う
  • little (ほとんど~ない):不可算 名詞に使う
  • several (いくつかの):加算 名詞に使う
  • many (たくさんの):加算 名詞に使う
  • much (たくさんの):不可算 名詞に使う
  • more (より多くの):加算 / 不可算 名詞に使う
  • most (もっとも多くの):加算 / 不可算 名詞に使う

[Sample sentences]
加算名詞に使う数量形容詞
  • It's worthwhile to visit both places. (both:複数形)
  • All my homework is done. (all:単数形)
  • That box is too small to hold all these things. (all:複数形)
  • We can't afford to make any mistakes. (any:複数形)
  • I want some answers. (some:複数形)
  • There are no hats in that store that fit me. (no:単数形)
  • There is no market for these goods in Japan. (no:複数形)
  • You can take either book. (either:単数形)
  • This is a war which neither side can win. (neither:単数形)
  • George laid aside some money each week. (each:単数形)
  • I catch a cold every year. (every:単数形)
  • We have enough seats for everyone. (enough:複数形)
  • The police have few clues to go on in this case.(few:複数形)
  • I was living in Boston a few years ago. (a few:複数形)
  • He made several serious mistakes. (several:複数形)
  • You ask me too many questions. (many & 加算名詞 複)
  • We need more workers to complete this project in time. (more:複数形)
  • Most students are preparing for the final exams. (most:複数形)
不加算名詞に使う数量形容詞
  • I want to dedicate all my time to this project. (all)
  • Sam didn't feel any pain. (any)
  • I just need some air. (some)
  • I have no money to buy the dictionary with. (no)
  • I don't get enough sleep. (enough)
  • There is little hope. (little)
  • I'm a little nervous. (a little)
  • Are you in much pain? (much)
  • We need more time to solve the question. (more)
  • Most water in the bottle has been drunk by him. (most)

[基数形容詞]
  • Five pens (5つの)
  • Six tables (6つの)

[序数形容詞]
  • The first date (最初の)
  • The third month (3番目の)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #91 形容詞の一覧

→ 文法 #89 性質形容詞
→ 文法 #90 疑問形容詞
→ 文法 #73 関係形容詞

文法 #87 副詞の一覧

[副詞の一覧]


文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #86 疑問副詞

[疑問副詞]
when(いつ)、where(どこ)、why(なぜ)、how(どのように) の4つ。
  • When will you leave for London? (when:時)
  • Where is the coffee shop? (where:場所)
  • Why is it so quiet here? (why:原因・理由)
  • How is the weather today? (how:程度・方法・状態)

[how]
形容詞や副詞を修飾して程度を表す。
  • How many watches do you have? (how many:数)
  • How much was the car? (how much:値段)
  • How much gasoline does the car have? (how much:量)
  • How often do you go shopping? (how often:頻度)
  • How fast can the car run at best? (how fast:速度)
  • How big was the sakura tree which you said you saw last year. (how big:大きさ)
  • How far Shibuya from Sinjuku? (how far:距離)
  • How long does it take from the nearest station to your house? (how long:時間)

[howを使った挨拶表現]
  • How are you doing? (調子はどうですか?)
  • How do you do? (はじめまして)
  • How have you been? (元気でした?)

[間接疑問文]
  • I don't know when I'll return.
  • I asked where Ben was.
  • I have to ask her why she was there. (※関係副詞whyと同じ構造になるので、一般的には疑問副詞とみなさない)
  • Do you know how long she has been living in Japan?

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #85 文修飾の副詞

[文修飾と語修飾で意味が変わる例]
  • Happily he did not die. ←→ He did not die happily. (死ななかった / 死んだ)
  • He naturally expressed his thanks. ←→ He expressed his thanks naturally. (当然だ / 素直に)
※全ての文修飾が意味が変わるというわけではない。

[Sample sentence]
  • Obviously, he is opposed to my plan. (obviously:明らかに = evidently)
  • Fortunately the train was late so we did not miss it. (fortunately:幸運なことに = luckily)
  • That was probably sensible of her. (probably:おそらく = possibly)
  • Generally, women live 10 years longer than men. (generally:一般的に)
  • Apparently, that bank has a lot of security process. (apparently:一見して)
  • Tom definitely chaired the meeting. (definitely:確かなことに)
  • Perhaps you've seen the accident. (perhaps:ひょっとすると)
  • Officially, the talks never took place. (officially:公式には)
  • Regrettably, the experiment ended in failure. (regrettably:残念ながら)
  • Curiously enough, a year later exactly the same thing happened again. (curiously:不思議なことに)
  • Amazingly, the bullet did not penetrate his brain. (amazingly:驚くべきことに)
  • Surely, there is some way we can fix this. (surely:たしかに)
  • Briefly, I think we should accept their offer.  (briefly:手短に言うと)
  • Frankly speaking, I don't think it any good to invest in real estate. (frankly:率直に言うと)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #84 様態を表す副詞

[様態]
動作の状態や様子を表す。
  • quietly (静かに)
  • peacefully (穏やかに)
  • carefully (注意深く)
  • slowly (ゆっくり)
  • badly (ひどく)
  • closely (密接に)
  • easily (簡単に)
  • well (上手に)
  • fast (速く)
  • quickly (素速く)
  • cheerfully (元気よく)
  • accidentally (偶然に)
  • specifically (明確に)
  • strongly (強く)
  • beautifully (美しく)
  • worriedly (心配そうに)

[様態の副詞の場所]
主に動詞の前や文節の終わりに置く。動詞と目的語の間に置くことは基本的にしない。
  • Nick quietly closed the bedroom door. (動詞の前)
  • The last years of his life were peacefully occupied. (be動詞と過去分詞の間)
  • I suggest you listen carefully. (文末)
  • Paul is slowly getting better. (be動詞と現在分詞の間)
  • You can easily find the bank. (助動詞と一般動詞の間)
  • I'd like you to quickly browse through these documents. (動詞の前)
  • Birds sang cheerfully in the trees. (節の最後)

[Sample sentences]
  • We waited here quietly. (quietly:静かに)
  • Hopes of settling the conflict peacefully are fading. (peacefully:平和的に)
  • Alan carefully wiped his fingerprints off the knife. (carefully:注意深く)
  • The balloon went up slowly. (slowly:ゆっくりと)
  • His bag was badly damaged. (badly:ひどく)
  • Please watch closely. (closely:近づいて)
  • I solved the problem easily. (easily:簡単に)
  • Steve said he slept well last night. (well:よく)
  • Naoko can run fast. (fast:速く)
  • Alice speaks relatively quickly. (quickly:速く)
  • The boy was whistling cheerfully. (cheerfully:元気に)
  • A waiter accidentally drops a stack of dishes and thereby creates a mess. (accidentally:偶然に)
  • These advertisements are specifically aimed at young people. (specifically:とりわけ)
  • I strongly advise you let Tony handle this. (strongly:強く)
  • In Russia, beautifully painted and decorated eggs are offered as gifts. (beautifully:きれいに)
  • He is worriedly touching his face as I prepare to take his photo. (worriedly:心配そうに)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞

[原因・結果を表す副詞]
  • accordingly / consequently / hence / so / therefore / thus (それ故に)
  • then (その後)
  • finally (最終的に)
※since は接続詞、so ~ that の that は接続詞で、原因・結果を表す。

[Sample sentences]
  • He was asked to leave the city and accordingly he went. (accordingly:それ故に、それに応じて/伴って)
  • I overslept and consequently couldn't join them. (consequently:それ故に)
  • He worked in a garage, hence his nickname "Spanner". (hence:それ故に)
  • Jack can't cook very well so he often eats out. (so:それ故に、そんなわけで)
  • You have certain privileges and therefore corresponding responsibilities. (therefore:それ故に)
  • The Internet has a lot of information and thus also a lot of useless information. (thus:それ故に、したがって)
  • I took a bath and then had a glass of beer. (then:その後で)
  • It took us a while, but we finally finished the job. (finally:最終的に)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞

[肯定語]
  • yes

[肯定的意味を付け加える推量の副詞]
  • absolutely / definitely / clearly(絶対的に、はっきりと)
  • truly / actually / exactly / indeed(ほんとうに、実際に、まったく)
  • certainly / surely (確かに)
  • probably / possibly /  (ありえそう)
  • maybe / perhaps (たぶん、恐らく)

[Sample sentences]
  • "Would you like me to open a window?" "Yes, please." (yes)
  • You are absolutely correct. (absolutely)
  • I'm truly sorry. (truly)
  • I certainly hope so. (certainly)
  • We've probably made a mistake. (probably)
  • Maybe that's not the problem. (maybe)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #81 否定を表す副詞

[否定語]
  • I don't have a ticket. (not)
  • You're no younger than I am. (no)
  • I've never thought about it before. (never)
  • The wind was so strong that we were basically going nowhere. (nowhere)
  • "My father doesn't drink." "Neither does my father." (neither)

[慣用表現]
  • He's not at all worried about his car's reliability.(not at all)
  • The list shown here is by no means exhaustive. (by no means)
  • She was in no way to blame. (in no way)
  • I'm no longer in danger. (no longer)
  • The result is neither good nor bad. (neither A nor B)

[準否定語]
  • I could hardly understand him. (hardly:程度)
  • The city had scarcely changed in 20 years. (scarcely:程度)
  • He is little known as an artist.  (little:程度)
  • I rarely saw him at school. (rarely:頻度)
  • He seldom goes to church. (seldom:頻度)
※little や few は準否定の形容詞

[二重否定]
  • They care for nothing but fighting. (nothing but = only)
  • He was not a little puzzled at her speech.(not a little = very)
  • Not a few of the members were present. (not a few = very)

[部分否定]
  • People are not all the same. (not all)
  • The car did not always win the race. (not always)
  • You can't use both of them.(not both)
  • Not everyone who plays the lottery will be a winner. (not every)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞

[頻度を表す副詞]
  • always(いつも)
  • usually(たいてい)/ generally(通常)/ normally(普段)
  • often(しばしば)/ frequently(頻繁に)
  • sometimes(ときどき)/ occasionally(ときどき)
  • seldom(めったに~しない)/ rarely(めったに~しない)
  • never(決して~ない)
※その他にも almost always(ほとんどいつも)、almost everyday(ほとんど毎日)、regularly(いつも)、now and then(たまに)、almost never(ほとんど~ない)、hardly ever(ほとんど~ない)、scarcely ever(ほとんど~ない)といったものもある。
※very often(とても頻繁に)とか not always(いつも~しない / 必ずしも~ではない)といった感じで強調や否定と組み合わせることもある。

[動詞を修飾する際の副詞の置き場所]
  • He is always late for school. (be動詞の後)
  • I always got up early in my childhood. (一般動詞の前)
  • Your room must always be kept clean. (助動詞の直後)
  • I have always wanted to live in New York. (完了形の助動詞haveの直後)
  • Michael doesn't always come late. (否定の副詞notの直後:必ずしも~ではない)
  • I always didn't see you. (助動詞の前:いつも~しなかった)
※「be動詞の後」および「一般動詞の前」の2つは守る必要があるが、他は強調等の理由で場所が変わることもある。

[Sample sentences]
  • Ann always keeps her room clean. (always:いつも)
  • Jack almost always wears a hat. (almost always:ほとんどいつも)
  • I usually take a bath after dinner. (usually:たいてい)
  • I generally have lunch there. (generally:たいてい)
  • I normally get off work at about 8 o'clock in the evening. (たいてい)
  • Mary often wears long skirts. (しばしば)
  • Earthquakes frequently hit Japan. (頻繁に)
  • We sometimes go out for a drive. (ときどき)
  • I occasionally meet him at the club. (ときどき)
  • He seldom stays home on Sundays.(めったに~しない)
  • David rarely reads magazines. (めったに~しない)
  • I hardly ever take my dog for a walk. (ほとんど~しない)
  • Wally never drinks beer. (決して~しない)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #79 程度を表す副詞

[形容詞を修飾]
形容詞(例:hot)を修飾して、その程度を表す。
  • extremely hot(極端に熱い)
  • very hot(とても熱い)
  • hot(熱い)
  • rather hot(むしろ熱い)
  • fairly hot(わずかに熱い)
このように程度を使える形容詞は無数にあります。
  • hot / cold / warm (熱い・寒い・暖かい)
  • big / small / tall / deep(大きい・小さい・高い・深い)
  • high / low(高い・低い)
  • long / short (長い・短い)
  • strong / weak(強い・弱い)
  • young / old(若い・年を取った)
  • beautiful / dirty(きれい・汚い)
  • tough / soft(固い・柔らかい)
  • happy / sad / angry(楽しい・悲しい・怒った)
  • important / clever / friendly / popular(親切な・賢い・心地よい・人気がある) etc
上の例のように5段階ぐらいの副詞で全ての程度を表すことができればあまり悩むことはないのですが、実際にはもっとたくさんの副詞が程度を表すことができます。
  • すごく重要、ものすごく重要、けっこう重要、ちょっとは重要、すげぇ重要、とんでもなく重要、激しく重要、死ぬほど重要、大部分は重要、一部重要、泣くほど重要、完璧なまでに重要、全面的に重要、今すぐ重要、のちほど重要、微妙に重要、そのように重要、十分重要、その上で重要、さらに重要、余りにも重要、、、
この位を把握しておけば事足りそうです。
  • most(もっとも)、much(はるかに)、quite(完全に)、hard(非常に)、enough(十分に)、almost(ほとんど)、exactly(きっかり)、nearly(ほぼ)、so(そんなに)、even(さらに)、more(もっと)、only(ほんの)、little(ほとんどない)

[動詞を修飾]
動作がどの程度完了したのか、どの程度の状態なのか、どの程度の能力なのかなどを表す。
  • He  was just leaving. (完了の程度:ちょうど)
  • she has almost finished. (完了の程度:ほとんど)
  • I walked a lot. (状態の程度:かなり)
  • He had hardly lunch. (状態の程度:ほとんどまったく)
  • The explosion completely destroyed the building.(状態の程度:完全に)
  • He speaks English fluently. (能力の程度:流ちょうに)
  • He runs fast. (能力の程度:早くに)

[副詞を修飾]
副詞を強調するために使われることが多い。
  • The workers completed the repair extremely quickly.(極めて敏速に)
  • Her speech was surprisingly well. (驚くほどうまく)
  • The teacher's explanation was so clearly that everyone understood it. (それほど明確に)
  • Nick feels very strongly about this.(とても強くに)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #78 名詞と間違えやすい副詞(there / here / 時 / 場所 など)

[there]
  • There is two books on the table. 
  • I want to go there.
  • What is over there? (over there で副詞:向こうで)
  • I'll be right there. (right there で副詞:すぐに、すぐそこで)
  • Someone is having a quarrel out there. (out there で副詞:あちらで)

[here]
  • Here are the requirements.
  • Here you are. (決まり文句:どうぞ)
  • Here we go. (決まり文句:さあ、行こう)
  • You can find a lot of flowers here and there. (here and there:あちこちで)
  • How far is it from here to the station? (副詞が前置詞の目的語となるケース)

[副詞が前置詞の目的語となるケース]
  • This is by far the best smartphone I've ever used. (by far:はるかに)
  • Why have you kept such an excellent wine back till now? (till now:これまで)
  • Why did you trick me for long? (for long:長い間)
  • He returned from abroad the day before yesterday. (from abroad:海外から)
  • She appeared from behind. (from behind:後ろから)
  • You must be careful from now on. (from now on:今後)

[時を表す副詞]
today / yesterday / now / tonight / this morning / three o'clock など
※これらは名詞としても使えるが、副詞としても使われる。
  • It's fine today. / Today is Tuesday.
  • My father, who is now working in America, wrote us a letter last week.(now, last week:副詞)
  • The train left at ten, so it should have arrived in Osaka by now.(now:名詞)
  • Now that you are grown up, you must not behave like a child. (now that:接続詞)
  • I usually get up 6 o'clock. (6 o'clock:副詞)

[場所を表す副詞]
home / abroad / downtown / upstairs / outdoors / here / there / somewhere / near / far / away / up / down / above / below / forward / backward など
  • I'm going home. / We have to stay at home.
  • Nancy is traveling abroad for two weeks.
  • I remember meeting her somewhere.
  • I've sold thirty tickets so far. (so far:これまでに)
  • As far as I know, he has never come on time. (as far as I know:私が知り得るかぎり)
  • This is by far the tallest building in this city. (by far:はるかに)
  • Tom was living rent-free in a small house not too far from us. (far:形容詞)

[そもそも副詞]
near / well / then / so / off / out / very / enough
  • Don't get too near.
  • I'm not sleeping well.
  • Please wait until 3:00. She'll be back then. 
  • I think so.
  • Turn it off.
  • Get out.
  • I'm very busy.
  • We've heard enough of your complaints.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #87 副詞の一覧

→ 文法 #79 程度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #80 頻度を表す副詞
→ 文法 #82 肯定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #81 否定を表す副詞
→ 文法 #83 原因・結果を表す副詞
文法 #84 様態を表す副詞
文法 #85 文修飾の副詞
→ 文法 #86 疑問副詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

文法 #77 前置詞 about / 副詞 about

[前置詞:関係・関連:~について]
  • Think about it.
  • How about a beer? (how about:勧誘)
  • Do you want to tell me about it? (前置詞句 about it は tell の目的語)
  • "What shall we write about?" they asked.

[前置詞:周囲・近接:~の周りで、~頃]
  • His house is somewhere about here. (about hereは定型句)
  • It will be about the end of our adventures, I guess. (数値に使う場合は副詞)
  • Many strange things happened about me. (=around ※米)

[副詞:近接・概算:約・およそ]
  • I got up about six. (時間)
  • I walked about 1 mile. (距離)
  • I paid about 50 dollars. (お金)
※もちろん重さ、温度、サイズ等数値を表すもの全てに使うことができる。

[副詞:近接:ちょうど~するところ、ほとんど]
  • It's about time.
  • We're about ready.
  • That's about right. 
  • I was about to go out when he called on me. (be to do構文にaboutが付く)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

文法 #76 除外を表す前置詞(without / except / except for / but / unless)

[without]
所有しないという意味の除外。
  • Continue without me.
  • I drink tea without sugar.
  • He left without saying goodbye.
  • Don't touch anything without asking.

[exept / except for]
取り除くという意味の除外。
  • I work every day except Sunday.
  • Everyone except me knew it.
  • No one came except Mary.
  • Nick doesn't watch TV except on Saturdays. (前置詞句がexceptの目的語)
  • Except for the weather, it was a great picnic. (except forで1つの前置詞)

[but]
~以外(は全部)といった意味の除外。anythingやnothingの直後に良く用いられる。
  • I'll do anything but that work.
  • I didn’t tell anyone but my boss.
  • Open the last page but one of the book.
以降の例文は前置詞とするか接続詞とするか判断の迷う所。
  • I know nothing but that he came from China. (名詞節がbutの目的語)
  • I had no choice but to go. (不定詞の名詞用法がbutの目的語)
  • He is all but dead. (形容詞deadがbutの目的語)
    • ≒ He is almost dead.
  • He is anything but a gentleman.
    • ≒ He is far from a gentleman.
注:butとexceptは互換性が高い。

[unless]
除外条件を挙げるのに使われる。
  • The tax will be increased unless Lehman shock-class disaster.
  • Nothing, unless a miracle, could save him.
  • Unless malfunction, this machine makes exactly 600 parts per minutes.
※unlessは基本的に仮定を表す接続詞(=if not)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

文法 #75 as の用法(副詞 / 前置詞 / 接続詞 / 関係代名詞)

[副詞]
  • He is as tall as I. (形容詞 tall を修飾)
  • Come as soon as possible (副詞の soon を修飾)
  • This pen is three times as thick as that pen. (倍数表現)
  • Tom is not as honest as John. (否定文に注意)

[前置詞]
  • She is working as a interpreter for 10 years.
  • I regarded his story as untrustworthy. (regard A as B)
  • As a rule, he is not punctual. (as a rule)
  • As a matter of fact, I don't know the truth. (as a matter of fact)

[接続詞]
  • They arrived as we were leaving. (時)
  • As you were out, I left a message. (原因・理由)
  • She arrived early, as I expected. (様態)
  • As the show increases in popularity, more and more tickets are sold daily. (比例・比較)
  • Strange as it may seem, I never really wanted to become engineer.(譲歩)
※接続詞 as は文法 #13でも一通り紹介済み。

[関係代名詞]
  • I received the same grade as you did. (先行詞は same + 名詞)
  • I can't eat such food as we give the dog (先行詞は such + 名詞)
  • As we all know, the earth is not flat. (先行詞は主節全体)
  • He is a foreigner, as is evident from his accent. (先行詞は主節全体)
  • As I said before, you must leave. (先行詞は主節全体)

日記 に補足があります。

文法 #13 接続詞as
→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧
→ 文法 #103 代名詞の一覧

解釈 #06-3 Momotaro

“Oh,” says the old man, “I’m off to the mountains with my billhook to gather a faggot of sticks for our fire. And what are you doing, good wife?”
  • off:(adv) 離れて
  • billhook [bílhùk]:かま
  • faggot [fǽgət]:まきの束
  • stick [stík]:まき

「えーと、今日は鎌を持って山へ火をたくのに使う薪を取りに行ってくるよ。ばあさんは何をするんじゃ?」と、じいさんは言いました。

back

“Oh,” says the old woman, “I’m off to the stream to wash clothes. It’s my washing day,” she adds.
  • stream [stríːm]:小川
→ back

So the old man went to the mountains and the old woman went to the stream.
→ back

Now, while she was washing the clothes, what should she see but a fine ripe peach that came floating down the stream?
  • fine:品質の良い(→おいしそうな)
  • ripe:熟れた
  • float:浮かぶ
  • down:(prep)~の下に向かって
  • should は意味は[義務]を表すが、「何を見たでしょう?」と言う程度の訳にする。
→ back

The peach was big enough, and rosy red on both sides.
  • rosy:バラ色の
  • on both sidesは「両側に」と言う意味なのだが、1個のももなので「全体が・全体的に」と訳す。
→ back

“I’m in luck this morning,” said the dame, and she pulled the peach to shore with a split bamboo stick.
  • in luck:(adv) 運がよくて
  • dame [déim]:〈米俗・古〉女性
  • split は「割れた」という形容詞で使われている。ここでは「切れ端」と訳す。
→ back

By-and-by, when her good man came home from the hills, she set the peach before him.
  • by-and-by:やがて、しばらくして、間もなく
→ back

“Eat, good man,” she said; “this is a lucky peach I found in the stream and brought home for you.”

→ back

But the old man never got a taste of the peach. And why did he not?

→ back

All of a sudden the peach burst in two and there was no stone to it, but a fine boy baby where the stone should have been.
  • stone:果実の種
→ back

“Mercy me!” says the old woman.
  • mercy:なんと!
→ back

“Mercy me!” says the old man.
→ back

The boy baby first ate up one half of the peach and then he ate up the other half.
→ back

When he had done this he was finer and stronger than ever.
→ back

“Momotaro! Momotaro!” cries the old man; “the eldest son of the peach.”
→ back

“Truth it is indeed,” says the old woman; “he was born in a peach.”
→ back

Both of them took such good care of Momotaro that soon he was the stoutest and bravest boy of all that country-side.
  • stout:丈夫な、勇敢な
→ back

He was a credit to them, you may believe.
  • credit:栄誉
→ back

The neighbours nodded their heads and they said, “Momotaro is the fine young man!”
→ back

“Mother,” says Momotaro one day to the old woman, “make me a good store of kimi-dango” (which is the way that they call millet dumplings in those parts).
  • store:貯蔵
  • millet:キビ
  • dumpling:団子
→ back

“What for do you want kimi-dango?” says his mother.
→ back

“Why,” says Momotaro, “I’m going on a journey, or as you may say, an adventure, and I shall be needing the kimi-dango on the way.”
→ back

“Where are you going, Momotaro?” says his mother.
→ back

“I’m off to the Ogres’ Island,” says Momotaro, “to get their treasure, and I should be obliged if you’d let me have the kimi-dango as soon as may be,” he says.
  • Ogre [ə́ugə]:鬼、オーガ
→ back

So they made him the kimi-dango, and he put them in a wallet, and he tied the wallet to his girdle and off he set.
  • girdle:腰帯、ガードル
  • set off:出発する
→ back

“Sayonara, and good luck to you, Momotaro!” cried the old man and the old woman.
  • good luck:幸運を祈る
→ back

“Sayonara! Sayonara!” cried Momotaro.
→ back

He hadn’t gone far when he fell in with a monkey.
  • fall in with:偶然~と出会う
→ back

“Kia! Kia!” says the monkey. “Where are you off to, Momotaro?”
→ back

Says Momotaro, “I’m off to the Ogres’ Island for an adventure.”
→ back

“What have you got in the wallet hanging at your girdle?”
→ back

“Now you’re asking me something,” says Momotaro; “sure, I’ve some of the best millet dumplings in all Japan.”
→ back

“Give me one,” says the monkey, “and I will go with you.”
→ back

So Momotaro gave a millet dumpling to the monkey, and the two of them jogged on together.
  • jog:足早に歩き始める
→ back

They hadn’t gone far when they fell in with a pheasant.
  • pheasant [fézənt]:キジ
→ back

“Ken! Ken!” said the pheasant.
→ back

“Where are you off to, Momotaro?”
→ back

Says Momotaro, “I’m off to the Ogres’ Island for an adventure.”
→ back

“What have you got in your wallet, Momotaro?”
→ back

“I’ve got some of the best millet dumplings in all Japan.”
→ back

“Give me one,” says the pheasant, “and I will go with you.”
→ back

So Momotaro gave a millet dumpling to the pheasant, and the three of them jogged on together.
→ back

They hadn’t gone far when they fell in with a dog.
→ back

“Bow! Wow! Wow!” says the dog. “Where are you off to, Momotaro?”
→ back

Says Momotaro, “I’m off to the Ogres’ Island.”
→ back

“What have you got in your wallet, Momotaro?”
→ back

“I’ve got some of the best millet dumplings in all Japan.”
→ back

“Give me one,” says the dog, “and I will go with you.”
→ back

So Momotaro gave a millet dumpling to the dog, and the four of them jogged on together.
→ back

By-and-by they came to the Ogres’ Island.
  • by and by:やがて、間もなく、しばらくして
→ back

“Now, brothers,” says Momotaro, “listen to my plan.
→ back

The pheasant must fly over the castle gate and peck the Ogres.
  • peck [pék]:つつく、ついばむ
→ back

The monkey must climb over the castle wall and pinch the Ogres.
  • pinch:つまむ
→ back

The dog and I will break the bolts and bars.
  • bolt:ボルト、かんぬき
→ back

He will bite the Ogres, and I will fight the Ogres.”
  • bite [báit]:かむ
→ back

Then there was the great battle.
→ back

The pheasant flew over the castle gate: “Ken! Ken! Ken!”
→ back

Momotaro broke the bolts and bars, and the dog leapt into the castle courtyard. “Bow! Wow! Wow!”
  • leap:飛び跳ねる
  • leapt [lépt]
  • courtyard [kɔ́rtjɑ̀rd]:中庭
→ back

The brave companions fought till sundown and overcame the Ogres.
  • companion [kəmpǽnjən]:仲間
  • overcome [òuvərkʌ́m]:打ち勝つ
→ back

Those that were left alive they took prisoners and bound with cords—a wicked lot they were.
  • prisoner:囚人
  • bind:縛る、固定する
  • cord:コード
  • wicked:ひどく悪い
  • lot:たくさんの奴ら
→ back

“Now, brothers,” says Momotaro, “bring out the Ogres’ treasure.”
→ back

So they did.
→ back

The treasure was worth having, indeed.
→ back

There were magic jewels there, and caps and coats to make you invisible.
→ back

There was gold and silver, and jade and coral, and amber and tortoise-shell and mother-of-pearl.
  • jade
  • coral
  • amber
  • tortoise-shell
  • mother-of-pearl
→ back

“Here’s riches for all,” says Momotaro. “Choose, brothers, and take your fill.”
→ back

“Kia! Kia!” says the monkey. “Thanks, my Lord Momotaro.”
→ back

“Ken! Ken!” says the pheasant. “Thanks, my Lord Momotaro.”
→ back

“Bow! Wow! Wow!” says the dog. “Thanks, my dear Lord Momotaro.”
→ back

文法 #74 時制の一致

[現在時制]
主節が現在時制の時、従属節は今(現在)を起点に変化する。
  • I am searching the ticket which I bought last month. (従属節は過去形)
  • I think that he is ill. (従属節は現在形)
  • I don't know when they will come here.(従属節は未来形)

[過去時制]
主節が過去時制の時、従属節はその時点(過去)を起点に変化する。
  • I was searching the ticket at that time which I had bought last month. (従属節は過去完了形(大過去))
  • I thought that he was ill. (従属節は過去形)
  • I didn't know when they would come here. (従属節は助動詞の過去形)

[未来時制]
主節が未来時制の時、従属節はその時点(未来)を起点に変化する。
  • I will search the ticket which I bought last month. (従属節は過去形)
  • I will go shopping if it rains tomorrow. (従属節は現在形)

[時制の一致の例外]
  • I said to him "If you go shopping for furniture I will lend my car.". (直接話法)
  • At school, I learned that water boils at 100℃. (普遍的な事実)
  • He said that he jogs every day. ((現在も変らない)習慣)
  • He told that if he had money he would assist them with funds. (仮定法:従属節は過去を起点にした変化をしていない)

日記 に補足があります。

文法 #73 関係形容詞

関係形容詞の働き:形容詞の働きをした上で節と節を結び形容詞を作る。(※ただし関係形容詞+名詞が先行詞になるため、その形容詞節は自分自身(先行詞)を修飾する)
what, which, whatever, whicheverの4つ。

[疑問形容詞 / 関係形容詞]
  • Nobody told me what time I should come. (疑問形容詞)
  • Tell me what movies you guys have seen. (疑問代名詞でも関係形容詞でもOK)
  • Pay close attention to what little difference you may find. (関係形容詞)

[what]
  • Lend me what money you can.
  • I gave him what help I could.
  • What little we know began here.

[which]
非制限用法(=接続詞+形容詞)でよく使われる。
  • She got well and took a job, which change made her happy.
  • He reached the village, at which point he stopped for a drink.
  • I shed tears and didn't say a word, which mood he didn't understand.
  • They may be late, in which case we should start without them.
  • China, which country has a rapidly growing economy, has a gradually falling population.

[whatever]
  • Take whatever action is needed.
  • We'll have to stay in whatever hotel we can find.
  • My Dad's promised to buy me whatever laptop I want if I pass my exam.
  • Do whatever is necessary to make customers happy.

[whichever]
  • Choose whichever brand you prefer.
  • The bartenders will make whichever drink you chose, or invent a new one just for you.
  • When this is over, you can have whichever one you like.

※whatever と whichever は選択肢のニュアンスに違いがあるだけで用途、意味は同じ

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #23 関係代名詞
→ 文法 #22 関係副詞

→ 文法 #91 形容詞の一覧
→ 文法 #88 数量形容詞
→ 文法 #89 性質形容詞
→ 文法 #90 疑問形容詞

文法 #72 to不定詞(副詞用法)

[目的]
  • He locked the door to keep everyone out. (目的)
  • They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children. (目的:in order to)
  • We started our journey early so as to avoid the traffic. (目的:so as to)

[結果]
※動詞を修飾
  • He grew up to be a doctor.
  • The cat ran away, never to return.
  • He woke up to find himself in the hospital

[感情の原因]
※形容詞を修飾
  • We were happy to come to the end of our journey.
  • I was surprised to hear her success of the experimentation.
  • He was very excited to get a new game console.

[判断の根拠]
※形容詞を修飾
  • You were clever to find the answer so quickly.
  • She must be fool to believe such stories.
  • It was careless of me to forget to lock the door. (性格、性質を表す場合には前置詞of)

[形容詞を修飾(補足説明)]
  • Unfortunately, I was unable to work for over a week.
  • I'm really tired. I'm ready to go to bed.
  • This book is easy to read.

[程度]
※副詞を修飾
  • The child was too small to reach the switch.
  • The knife was not sharp enough to cut the string.
→ This book is easy to read. とすると単純に形容詞を修飾している点に注目。

[関係詞+ to 不定詞(不定詞関係節)]
構造上は主語とbe動詞の省略と考える方が矛盾無く説明できるが、頻出の定型句となっているために便宜的に副詞用法とすることがある。
→関係代名詞(what / whom / which)を修飾する:形容詞用法
→関係副詞(where / when / how)を修飾する:副詞用法
  • He's looking for an apartment where to live. 
  • I have forgotten the day when to submit the report.
  • I got to know how to clean windows like a pro.
※why to do は使われない

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #70 to不定詞(名詞用法)
→ 文法 #71 to不定詞(形容詞用法)

文法 #71 to不定詞(形容詞用法)

[動詞の補語]
  • We seem to be lost. (SVC)
  • My birthday happens to be the same as my boss. (SVC)
  • He proved himself to be a liar. (SVOC)
  • Parents tell their children to study more. (SVOC)

[修飾される語が不定詞の意味上の主語]
  • I want a staff to clean the room.
  • Kathy is the last person to be late for school.
  • She was the first to come.

[修飾される語が不定詞の意味上の目的語]
  • I want something to drink. (他動詞の目的語)
  • He bought a book to give her. (他動詞の目的語)
  • I have elderly parents to look after. (前置詞の目的語)
  • The child wanted a toy to play with. (前置詞の目的語)

[名詞を修飾(補足説明)]
  • They gave him an opportunity to escape.
  • There is no need to shout.
  • I thought that was the best way to persuade her.
  • I made a decision to quit my company.

[関係詞+ to 不定詞(不定詞関係節)]
構造上は主語とbe動詞の省略と考える方が矛盾無く説明できるが、頻出の定型句となっているために便宜的に形容詞用法とすることがある。
→関係代名詞(what / whom / which)を修飾する:形容詞用法
→関係副詞(where / when / how)を修飾する:副詞用法
  • I don't need to increase what to put in this box any more. (上の分類で意味上の目的語)
  • I have no friend with whom to talk about it. (上の分類で意味上の目的語)
  • He's looking for an apartment in which to live. (上の分類で意味上の目的語)
whomやwhichは「前置詞+関係代名詞+to不定詞」の形で使われる。
→I have no fried to talk with about it. と関係代名詞を省略できるため。

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #70 to不定詞(名詞用法)
文法 #72 to不定詞(副詞用法)

文法 #70 to不定詞(名詞用法)

[主語]
  • To make mistakes is human.
  • It's easy to play the piano, but it's very difficult to play well. (仮S真S)
  • It was difficult for us to hear what she was saying. (仮S真S:to不定詞の意味上の主語を前置詞forを使って表す)
  • It's kind of you to help. (仮S真S:性格、性質を表す場合には前置詞of)

[補語]
  • To know all is to forgive all.
  • My dream is to became teacher.
  • The purpose of his absence was to search his dog.

[他動詞の目的語]
  • I like to play basketball. (SVO)
  • They decided to start a business together. (SVO)
  • I want you to go there. (SVOO)
  • His call reminds me to do my homework. (SVOO)
  • He find it difficult to speak English fluently. (仮O真O)
  • I thought it strange for her to have married with such an old man. (仮O真O)

[疑問詞付きto不定詞]
必ず名詞用法で使われる。
→ 疑問代名詞:what, which, who
→ 疑問限定詞:what, which, whose
→ 疑問副詞:when, where, why, how (※why to do は使われない)
→ 接続詞:whether (※疑問詞ではないが同じ用法のためここで扱う)
  • I don't know what to do today.(疑問代名詞:what)
  • She was perplexed which to buy. (疑問代名詞:which)
  • I asked coach who to interview with the reporter. (疑問代名詞:who)
  • We discussed in what color to make a new product. (疑問限定詞:what)
  • I need to decide which club to participate in. (疑問限定詞:which)
  • We're not sure whose plan to chose. (疑問限定詞:whose)
  • When to start isn't important to me. (疑問副詞:when)
  • She is wondering where to study abroad. (疑問副詞:where)
  • Please show me how to use this tool. (疑問副詞:how)
  • I didn’t know whether to take this bus or not. (接続詞:whether)
※be sure ~(名詞節、名詞句) は be sure of ~の派生と考えられる。

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #71 to不定詞(形容詞用法)
文法 #72 to不定詞(副詞用法)

文法 #69 時を表す前置詞(past / beyond)

[時を表す前置詞の一覧]

[past]
  • It’s exactly ten past three.
  • It was past midnight by the time we arrived.
  • It's way past his bedtime, but he wants to stay up and watch TV.

[beyond]
  • You can't stay beyond closing time.
  • It won't go on beyond midnight.
  • It’s impossible to predict beyond the next five years as regards world economic trends.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #30 時を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #66 時を表す前置詞(for / during / in / since / from … to / through)
→ 文法 #67 時を表す前置詞(by / until / till / in / within / up to)
→ 文法 #68 時を表す前置詞(before / after)

文法 #68 時を表す前置詞(before / after)

[時を表す前置詞の一覧]

[before]
  • he bought that house before 1995.
  • He came to America before the Civil War.
  • If I get home before 7:00 we can go to a movie.
  • I always have breakfast before going to work.

[after]
  • I'll see you after class.
  • Friday comes after Thursday.
  • After lunch, she felt sleepy.
  • I always take sweets after coming back to home.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #30 時を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #66 時を表す前置詞(for / during / in / since / from … to / through)
→ 文法 #67 時を表す前置詞(by / until / till / in / within / up to)
→ 文法 #69 時を表す前置詞(past / beyond)

文法 #67 時を表す前置詞(by / until / till / in / within / up to)

[時を表す前置詞の一覧]

[by]
  • I will finish work by seven o'clock.
  • This report has to be done by Friday.
  • The director will have made his decision by the end of next week.

[till / until]
  • You have till / until 5:00 to do that work.
  • I can hardly wait till / until tomorrow.
  • That ticket is good till / until March 29th.
  • The game was put off till / until next week.

[in]#66 と同じ例文
  • We will begin in ten minutes.
  • He is going to retire in four years.
  • The election will be held in a few months.

[within]
  • Come back within a month.
  • I will answer within three days.
  • Within a couple of minutes, she had eaten up all the bread and cheese.
  • If we don't receive his reply within the next three days, I think we should write him again.

[up to]
  • Up to last week, I had not received a reply.
  • I chatted with my friend right up to midnight.
  • Up to now, the pilot has logged 3,000 flying hours.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #30 時を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #66 時を表す前置詞(for / during / in / since / from … to / through)
→ 文法 #68 時を表す前置詞(before / after)
→ 文法 #69 時を表す前置詞(past / beyond)

文法 #66 時を表す前置詞(for / during / in / since / from … to / through)

[時を表す前置詞の一覧]

[for]
  • I've been working for three hours.
  • I haven't seen her for a long time.
  • I plan to live in Chicago for the rest of my life.

[during]
  • I took notes during the meeting.
  • I love going to the beach during summer.
  • I was very nervous during my job interview.

[in]#67 と同じ例文
  • We will begin in ten minutes.
  • He is going to retire in four years.
  • The election will be held in a few months.

[since]
  • We've lived in Saitama since 2010.
  • He has been talking since 19:00.
  • We haven't seen each other since last year.

[from … to]
  • We waited for him from 11:00 to 12:30!
  • She’s interested in the period from the early 1940s to now.
  • Tom worked from dawn to dusk.
  • Let's start from the beginning.
  • It's five minutes to five

[through]
  • I talked with her through the night.
  • My father slept through the movie.
  • I have a lot of work to get through today.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #30 時を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #67 時を表す前置詞(by / until / till / in / within / up to)
→ 文法 #68 時を表す前置詞(before / after)
→ 文法 #69 時を表す前置詞(past / beyond)

文法 #65 場所を表す前置詞(round / around)

[場所を表す前置詞の一覧]

[round / around]
※turn round は(British English)で 、turn Aroundは(American English)でよく使われるといった違いがあるが、意味に大きな違いはない。
  • Turn round / around, so you can see the Bank.
  • The man walked round / around the corner.
  • We wandered round / around the shopping center.
  • The Arctic is the area round / around the North Pole.

[round]
  • The earth goes round the sun.
  • We spent a very pleasant day walking round the town.

[around]
  • I'm going to travel around the world.
  • "How long the coast?" "I’d say around 5 km." (around = approximately)

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #56 場所を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #57 場所を表す前置詞(to / toward / for / from)
→ 文法 #58 場所を表す前置詞(into / out of)
→ 文法 #59 場所を表す前置詞(over / under)
→ 文法 #60 場所を表す前置詞(above / below / beneath)
→ 文法 #61 場所を表す前置詞(up / down)
→ 文法 #62 場所を表す前置詞(before / after / behind)
→ 文法 #63 場所を表す前置詞(between / among)
→ 文法 #64 場所を表す前置詞(near / beside / by)

文法 #64 場所を表す前置詞(near / beside / by)

[場所を表す前置詞の一覧]

[near]
  • I live near here.
  •  We live near a big library.
  • Our school is near the park.
  • I’ll write and let you know nearer the time.

[beside]
  • Sit down beside me.
  • There is a river beside the house.
  • Grandmother looks very comfortable in that chair beside the fire.
  • That's an interesting remark, but it's beside the point. (beside = out of)
  • Lucy was beside herself with excitement.
  • Lucy was beside herself with joy.
  • Lucy was beside herself with anger.
  • Lucy was beside herself with anxiety.
  • Lucy was beside herself with worry about her baby.

[by]
  • Sit down by me.
  • The house is by a river.
  • David lives by a train station.
  • I would love to live in a house by the sea.
  • Meet me at the show! I’ll be seated by the door.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #56 場所を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #57 場所を表す前置詞(to / toward / for / from)
→ 文法 #58 場所を表す前置詞(into / out of)
→ 文法 #59 場所を表す前置詞(over / under)
→ 文法 #60 場所を表す前置詞(above / below / beneath)
→ 文法 #61 場所を表す前置詞(up / down)
→ 文法 #62 場所を表す前置詞(before / after / behind)
→ 文法 #63 場所を表す前置詞(between / among)
→ 文法 #65 場所を表す前置詞(round / around)

文法 #63 場所を表す前置詞(between / among)

[場所を表す前置詞の一覧]

[between]
  • Choose between the two.
  • You must read between the lines.
  • Can you tell the difference between these two pictures?
  • Switzerland is situated between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.
  • Divide these apples between you three.
  • This train runs between Tokyo and Osaka.
  • No one can stand between me and the victory

[among]
  • We agreed among ourselves.
  • Jeane became popular among teenagers.
  • We walked among the trees.
  • He is among the best in the school.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #56 場所を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #57 場所を表す前置詞(to / toward / for / from)
→ 文法 #58 場所を表す前置詞(into / out of)
→ 文法 #59 場所を表す前置詞(over / under)
→ 文法 #60 場所を表す前置詞(above / below / beneath)
→ 文法 #61 場所を表す前置詞(up / down)
→ 文法 #62 場所を表す前置詞(before / after / behind)
→ 文法 #64 場所を表す前置詞(near / beside / by)
→ 文法 #65 場所を表す前置詞(round / around)

文法 #62 場所を表す前置詞(before / after / behind)

[場所を表す前置詞の一覧]

[before / after]
  • Get off the bus just before / after Yokohama Station.
  • Your name is before / after mine on the list.
  • The gas station is 3 kilometers before / after the lake.

[before]
  • The news was put before the public via TV.
  • I saw an accident before my eye.
  • Her case comes before the court next month.

[after]
  • When going after the robber, I saw a policeman.
  • He's the tallest, after Richard.
  • I looked after the rabbits when I was at school.

[behind]
  • Look behind you.
  • I hid behind a tree.
  • We're behind schedule now. 
  • The Giants are 5 games behind the Bay Stars.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #56 場所を表す前置詞(at / in / on)
→ 文法 #57 場所を表す前置詞(to / toward / for / from)
→ 文法 #58 場所を表す前置詞(into / out of)
→ 文法 #59 場所を表す前置詞(over / under)
→ 文法 #60 場所を表す前置詞(above / below / beneath)
→ 文法 #61 場所を表す前置詞(up / down)
→ 文法 #63 場所を表す前置詞(between / among)
→ 文法 #64 場所を表す前置詞(near / beside / by)
→ 文法 #65 場所を表す前置詞(round / around)