解釈 #01 Apache Tomcat

#1)
The Apache Tomcat® software is an open source implementation of the Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and Java WebSocket technologies.

[words]
  • apache [əpǽtʃi]
  • tomcat [tɑ́mkæ̀t]：雄猫
  • software [sɔ́ftwε`r]：ソフトウェア
  • source [sɔ́rs]：ソース・コード
  • implementation [ìmpləməntéɪʃən]：実装 （＝the act of putting a plan into action or of starting to use something:）
    • implement：実装する。

［言い換え：implementation→implement］
The Apache Tomcat software implements the JS, JSP, JEL, and JWS technologies under open source licence.

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#2)
The Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and Java WebSocket specifications are developed under the Java Community Process.

[words]
  • specification [spε`səfikéiʃən]：仕様書（＝technologies）（＝a detailed description of how something should be done, made, etc.:）

前置詞under：管理・支配
People prospered under the reign of King Louis 14.

［言い換え：能動態に変換］
We develop the JS, JSP, JEL and JWS specifications under the JCP.

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#3)
The Apache Tomcat software is developed in an open and participatory environment and released under the Apache License version 2.

[words]
  • participatory [pɑrtísəpətɔ̀ːri]：一般参加型の （＝allowing people to take part in or become involved in an activity:）
  • environment [enváiərənmənt]：環境

［participatoryの言い換え］
The Apache Tomcat software is developed in (the open environment where anyone can participate).

［言い換え：能動態に変換］
We develop the Apache Tomcat software in an open and participatory environment and release it under the Apache License version 2.

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#4)
The Apache Tomcat project is intended to be a collaboration of the best-of-breed developers from around the world.

[words]
  • intend [inténd]：～するつもりである ※I intend to stay in New York for one month.
  • collaboration [kəlæ̀bəréiʃən]：共同制作
  • best-of-breed：最善の組み合わせの （＝used for describing a computer product that is the best available of its type）
  • breed [bríːd]：種類、タイプ
  • developers [divéləpər]：開発者

［best-of-breedの言い換え］
The Apache Tomcat Project is intended to (collaborate the most capable / talented developers) from around the world.

［言い換え：能動態に変換］
We intend the Apache Tomcat project to be a collaboration of the best-of-breed developers from around the world.

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#5)
We invite you to participate in this open development project.

[words]
  • invite [inváit]：勧める ※Students are invited to write about the issue. （ＳＶＯＣ）＝recommend

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#6)
To learn more about getting involved, click here.

[words]
  • getting involved：participation
  • involve [invɑ́lv]

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#7)
Apache Tomcat software powers numerous large-scale, mission-critical web applications across a diverse range of industries and organizations.

[words]
  • power [páuər]；～に動力・電力を供給する（＝build, form）
  • numerous [njúmərəs]：非常に多くの
  • diverse [dəvə́rs]：多様な （＝various）
  • industry [índəstri]：産業
  • organization [ɔ̀rgənəzéiʃən]：組織

a diverse range of ＝ various

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#8)
Some of these users and their stories are listed on the PoweredBy wiki page.

[words]
  • list [list]：一覧表を作る

these が指しているもの：web applications
their が指しているもの：these users

[言い換え]
We can see some of these users and their stories on the list of the PoweredBy wiki page.

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#9)
Apache Tomcat, Tomcat, Apache, the Apache feather, and the Apache Tomcat project logo are trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation.

[words]
  • feather [féðər]：羽

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URL: http://tomcat.apache.org/

文章 #01 Apache Tomcat

The Apache Tomcat® software is an open source implementation of the Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and Java WebSocket technologies. The Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, Java Expression Language and Java WebSocket specifications are developed under the Java Community Process.

The Apache Tomcat software is developed in an open and participatory environment and released under the Apache License version 2. The Apache Tomcat project is intended to be a collaboration of the best-of-breed developers from around the world. We invite you to participate in this open development project. To learn more about getting involved, click here.

Apache Tomcat software powers numerous large-scale, mission-critical web applications across a diverse range of industries and organizations. Some of these users and their stories are listed on the PoweredBy wiki page.

Apache Tomcat, Tomcat, Apache, the Apache feather, and the Apache Tomcat project logo are trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation.
URL: http://tomcat.apache.org/

文法 #08 感情表現

［受動態で表される感情表現］
  • How could you say such a thing? You should be ashamed of yourself!
  • I’m delighted that I got the job. It’s just what I always wanted.
  • I’m sorry I forgot your birthday – I was confused about the dates.
  • I’m horrified by the amount of violence on television today.
  • I’m excited by the new opportunities that the internet brings.
  • I get so irritated when he changes TV channels without asking me first.

［形容詞で表される感情表現］
  • She was angry with her boss for criticising her work.
  • She was happy to hear the good news.
  • She was jealous of her sister’s new toy.”
  • I feel very negative about my job – the pay is awful.
  • It makes me sad to see all those animals in cages at the zoo.
  • I’ve got a blinding headache and I feel terrible.

［感情表現の能動態/受動態の書き換え］
  • His lecture is monotonous and will disappoint us.
    → Because His lecture is monotonous, I will be disappointed at it. （at：対象）

  • Her dishes didn’t satisfy me because she loves spicy food.
    → I wasn’t satisfied with her dishes because she loves spicy food. （with：原因・理由）

  • He tried to explain why the subject interested him.
    → He tried to explain why he was interested in the subject. （in：関連）

  • Traffic jams frustrated me.
    → I was frustrated with traffic jams. （with：原因・理由）

  • Discontinuation of her research disappointed me.
    → I was disappointed at discontinuation of her research.

  • Cancellation of the contract surprised me.
    → I was surprised at cancellation of the contract.
課題 #02

文法 #07 仮S真S（形式主語構文）

［仮S真S］・・・形式主語構文
これが導入された場合、itは文法上の主語となるが意味を持たず、意味上の主語は動名詞/不定詞/that節などの名詞節で後続に示される。したがって、この文には2つの主語が含まれる。
  • It is difficult for me to play tennis.
    （to以下が本当の主語だが、文頭に置くと長すぎるため、仮のitを主語の位置に置いておき、本当の主語を文末に置いた。）

［to不定詞］
  • It is always nice to barbecue outside in the sun.
  • It’s important to wear a helmet whenever you do any dangerous sport.
  • It thrilled her to be invited there. （感激した）
  • It gave him a pain in the head to walk around ruins.
  • It would be wonderful for you to stay with us.

［動名詞］
  • It was no good coming there again.
  • It is no use crying over spilt milk.
  • It was a pleasure seeing you again.

［接続詞が導く名詞節］
  • It was lucky that she agreed to undertake the job.
  • It did not occur to her that the idea was his.
  • It is doubtful whether the rumor is true or not.
  • It is clear he tells a lie.
    ※接続詞thatはよく省略される

［間接疑問文：接続詞が省略されていると考えられる］
  • It is a mystery why Jack killed his wife.
  • It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop. （so long as：～する限り）
  • It is uncertain which item he will choose.
課題 #02

文法 #06 受動態

［受動態］
S＋be動詞＋過去分詞（P.P.）
・be動詞＋過去分詞で一つの動詞として扱っても良いし、be動詞＝Ｖ・過去分詞＝Ｃとして扱ってもどちらでも良い。

［用法］
「アクションを実行する側（行為をする側）」ではなく、「アクションを経験する側（行為をされる側）」に関心を示す際に使用される。
  • The passive voice is used frequently. （誰が passive voice を使うかではなく、passive voice に関心がある）
  • The house was built in 1930. （誰が建てたかではなく、建てた家に興味がある）
  • The road is being repaired. （誰が修理したかではなく、修理された道路に興味がある）

誰が実施したか分からない、または誰が実施したかは伝えたくない際にも使われる。
  • I noticed that a window had been left open.
  • All the cookies have been eaten.

文章の主体を行為をする側に変えることで能動態に書き換えることができる。
  • This book was written by Mr. Brown. （前置詞 by は行為者を表す）
    → Mr. Brown wrote this book.
  • This sneaker was designed by Kei in 2000.
    → Kei designed this sneaker in 2000.

目的語が２つある場合、それぞれを主体にした受動態に書き換えできる。
  • My father gave me a light smart watch.
    → I was given a light smart watch by my father.
    → A light smart watch was given to me by my father. （前置詞 to は方向・対象を表す）
    ※この前置詞 to はしばしば省略される。

前置詞は動詞や状況により for が使われることもある。
  • My boyfriend bought me a ring.
    → A ring was bought for me by my boyfriend. （前置詞 for は目的・対象を表す）

進行形、完了形、助動詞と組み合わせて使うこともできる。
  • We are being followed. （現在進行形＋受動態）
  • My work has already been done. （現在完了形＋受動態）
  • Many stars can be seen at night. （助動詞＋受動態）

→ 課題 #02
→ 文法 #15 受動態 #2（前置詞がby以外）
→ 文法 #19 受動態 #3（第３-５文型）
→ 文法 #34 助動詞の一覧

文法 #05 現在進行形

［現在進行形］
S＋be動詞＋現在分詞
・be動詞＋現在分詞で一つの動詞として扱っても良いし、be動詞＝Ｖ・現在分詞＝Ｃとして扱ってもどちらでも良い。
  • I am running around the park.
  • I am reading the book which I borrowed at school.

［用法］
  1. 話している最中に進行中の不完全なアクション（now、at the moment、right nowなどの時間表現と共に使われる）
    • We are discussing the project at the moment.
    • I’m having lunch now.
    • She is going into the supermarket.

  2. 近い将来の計画または取り決め（tonight、tomorrow、this week、this Mondayなどの時間表現と共に使われる）
    • Jim’s leaving for Brussels this evening.
    • The train is arriving in 2 minutes.

  3. 定期的に繰り返される行動（always、foreverなどと共に使われる）
    • Her husband is always complaining about his health.
    • The summer is passing too quickly.

be going toという慣用表現は未来のことを表すのに用いられる。（つまり上の２の用法）
・”be going to Ｖ”でまとめて動詞と捉えた方が理解しやすい。
  • It is going to rain tomorrow.
  • I’m going to finish this by six.
  • I’m going to study abroad next month.
  • I’m going to TDL next week.　（※goが省略されている）
  • I’m going to Hawaii next week. （※goが省略されている）

→ 課題 #02
→ 文法 #34 助動詞の一覧

文法 #04 天気・時間・距離で使われる it（ダミーの it）

天気、時間、距離などを伝える際、it を主語にして表現される。
  • It is raining. （天気）
  • It is hot today. （気温）
  • It is seven o’clock. （時間）
  • It is March 30th today. （日付）
  • It is Friday. （曜日）
  • It is far from here. （距離）
  • It is Spring now. （季節）
  • It is bright. （明暗）

このitは”天候”とか”時間”とかを指しているので、「それ」と訳すことはできない。
  • The weather is cloudy. （天気のitをthe weatherで）
  • The time is five o'clock. （時間のitをthe timeで）
  • The distance is three miles. （距離のitをthe distanceで）

同様に It’s OK. といったイディオムでも使われることがある。これらの it は英語圏では ambient "it" とか empty "it" と呼ばれる。
このダミーの it は単に文法的な機能を果たすだけで、語彙的な意味を持たない。

目的語でも同じ様にダミーの it が使われることがある。
  • Do it. （やれ！）
  • Get it. （やった！ / 成功した！）
課題 #02
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