英語の勉強ノート

文法 #72 to不定詞（副詞用法）

［目的］

He locked the door to keep everyone out. （目的）
They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children. （目的：in order to）
We started our journey early so as to avoid the traffic. （目的：so as to）

［結果］
※動詞を修飾

He grew up to be a doctor.
The cat ran away, never to return.
He woke up to find himself in the hospital

［感情の原因］
※形容詞を修飾

We were happy to come to the end of our journey.
I was surprised to hear her success of the experimentation.
He was very excited to get a new game console.

［判断の根拠］
※形容詞を修飾

You were clever to find the answer so quickly.
She must be fool to believe such stories.
It was careless of me to forget to lock the door. （性格、性質を表す場合には前置詞of）

［形容詞を修飾（補足説明）］

Unfortunately, I was unable to work for over a week.
I'm really tired. I'm ready to go to bed.
This book is easy to read.

［程度］
※副詞を修飾

The child was too small to reach the switch.
The knife was not sharp enough to cut the string.

→ This book is easy to read. とすると単純に形容詞を修飾している点に注目。

［関係詞+ to 不定詞（不定詞関係節）］
構造上は主語とbe動詞の省略と考える方が矛盾無く説明できるが、頻出の定型句となっているために便宜的に副詞用法とすることがある。
→関係代名詞（what / whom / which）を修飾する：形容詞用法
→関係副詞（where / when / how）を修飾する：副詞用法

He's looking for an apartment where to live.
I have forgotten the day when to submit the report.
I got to know how to clean windows like a pro.

※why to do は使われない

※日記に補足があります。

→ 文法 #70 to不定詞（名詞用法）
→ 文法 #71 to不定詞（形容詞用法）

文法 #71 to不定詞（形容詞用法）

［動詞の補語］

We seem to be lost. （SVC）
My birthday happens to be the same as my boss. （SVC）
He proved himself to be a liar. （SVOC）
Parents tell their children to study more. （SVOC）

［修飾される語が不定詞の意味上の主語］

I want a staff to clean the room.
Kathy is the last person to be late for school.
She was the first to come.

［修飾される語が不定詞の意味上の目的語］

I want something to drink. （他動詞の目的語）
He bought a book to give her. （他動詞の目的語）
I have elderly parents to look after. （前置詞の目的語）
The child wanted a toy to play with. （前置詞の目的語）

［名詞を修飾（補足説明）］

They gave him an opportunity to escape.
There is no need to shout.
I thought that was the best way to persuade her.
I made a decision to quit my company.

［関係詞+ to 不定詞（不定詞関係節）］
構造上は主語とbe動詞の省略と考える方が矛盾無く説明できるが、頻出の定型句となっているために便宜的に形容詞用法とすることがある。
→関係代名詞（what / whom / which）を修飾する：形容詞用法
→関係副詞（where / when / how）を修飾する：副詞用法

I don't need to increase what to put in this box any more. （上の分類で意味上の目的語）
I have no friend with whom to talk about it. （上の分類で意味上の目的語）
He's looking for an apartment in which to live. （上の分類で意味上の目的語）

whomやwhichは「前置詞+関係代名詞+to不定詞」の形で使われる。
→I have no fried to talk with about it. と関係代名詞を省略できるため。

※日記に補足があります。

→ 文法 #70 to不定詞（名詞用法）
→ 文法 #72 to不定詞（副詞用法）

文法 #70 to不定詞（名詞用法）

［主語］

To make mistakes is human.
It's easy to play the piano, but it's very difficult to play well. （仮S真S）
It was difficult for us to hear what she was saying. （仮S真S：to不定詞の意味上の主語を前置詞forを使って表す）
It's kind of you to help. （仮S真S：性格、性質を表す場合には前置詞of）

［補語］

To know all is to forgive all.
My dream is to became teacher.
The purpose of his absence was to search his dog.

［他動詞の目的語］

I like to play basketball. （SVO）
They decided to start a business together. （SVO）
I want you to go there. （SVOO）
His call reminds me to do my homework. （SVOO）
He find it difficult to speak English fluently. （仮O真O）
I thought it strange for her to have married with such an old man. （仮O真O）

［疑問詞付きto不定詞］
必ず名詞用法で使われる。
→ 疑問代名詞：what, which, who
→ 疑問限定詞：what, which, whose
→ 疑問副詞：when, where, why, how （※why to do は使われない）
→ 接続詞：whether （※疑問詞ではないが同じ用法のためここで扱う）

I don't know what to do today.（疑問代名詞：what）
She was perplexed which to buy. （疑問代名詞：which）
I asked coach who to interview with the reporter. （疑問代名詞：who）
We discussed in what color to make a new product. （疑問限定詞：what）
I need to decide which club to participate in. （疑問限定詞：which）
We're not sure whose plan to chose. （疑問限定詞：whose）
When to start isn't important to me. （疑問副詞：when）
She is wondering where to study abroad. （疑問副詞：where）
Please show me how to use this tool. （疑問副詞：how）
I didn’t know whether to take this bus or not. （接続詞：whether）

※be sure ～（名詞節、名詞句）は be sure of ～の派生と考えられる。

※日記に補足があります。

→ 文法 #71 to不定詞（形容詞用法）
→ 文法 #72 to不定詞（副詞用法）

文法 #69 時を表す前置詞（past / beyond）

［時を表す前置詞の一覧］

at / in / on ・・・時刻・時間・年月日・曜日・季節・年齢
for / during / in / since / from … to / through ・・・期間（～の間）
by / until / till / in / within / up to ・・・期限・範囲（～まで）
before / after ・・・前後
past / beyond ・・・超過

［past］

It’s exactly ten past three.
It was past midnight by the time we arrived.
It's way past his bedtime, but he wants to stay up and watch TV.

［beyond］

You can't stay beyond closing time.
It won't go on beyond midnight.
It’s impossible to predict beyond the next five years as regards world economic trends.

※日記に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #30 時を表す前置詞（at / in / on）
→ 文法 #66 時を表す前置詞（for / during / in / since / from … to / through）
→ 文法 #67 時を表す前置詞（by / until / till / in / within / up to）
→ 文法 #68 時を表す前置詞（before / after）

文法 #68 時を表す前置詞（before / after）

［時を表す前置詞の一覧］

at / in / on ・・・時刻・時間・年月日・曜日・季節・年齢
for / during / in / since / from … to / through ・・・期間（～の間）
by / until / till / in / within / up to ・・・期限・範囲（～まで）
before / after ・・・前後
past / beyond ・・・超過

［before］

he bought that house before 1995.
He came to America before the Civil War.
If I get home before 7:00 we can go to a movie.
I always have breakfast before going to work.

［after］

I'll see you after class.
Friday comes after Thursday.
After lunch, she felt sleepy.
I always take sweets after coming back to home.

※日記に補足があります。

→ 文法 #35 前置詞の一覧

→ 文法 #30 時を表す前置詞（at / in / on）
→ 文法 #66 時を表す前置詞（for / during / in / since / from … to / through）
→ 文法 #67 時を表す前置詞（by / until / till / in / within / up to）
→ 文法 #69 時を表す前置詞（past / beyond）

文法 #67 時を表す前置詞（by / until / till / in / within / up to）

［時を表す前置詞の一覧］

at / in / on ・・・時刻・時間・年月日・曜日・季節・年齢
for / during / in / since / from … to / through ・・・期間（～の間）
by / until / till / in / within / up to ・・・期限・範囲（～まで）
before / after ・・・前後
past / beyond ・・・超過

［by］

I will finish work by seven o'clock.
This report has to be done by Friday.
The director will have made his decision by the end of next week.

［till / until］

You have till / until 5:00 to do that work.
I can hardly wait till / until tomorrow.
That ticket is good till / until March 29th.
The game was put off till / until next week.

［in］#66 と同じ例文

We will begin in ten minutes.
He is going to retire in four years.
The election will be held in a few months.

［within］

Come back within a month.
I will answer within three days.
Within a couple of minutes, she had eaten up all the bread and cheese.
If we don't receive his reply within the next three days, I think we should write him again.

［up to］