文法 #103 代名詞の一覧

[代名詞の一覧]
  • 人称代名詞(I / we / you / he / she / it / they)
    • 主格:I / we・・・(主語になる)
    • 所有格:my / our・・・(名詞の所有者を表す)
    • 目的格:me / us・・・(目的語になる)
    • 所有代名詞:mine / ours・・・(所有者を表す)
    • 再帰代名詞:myself / ourselves・・・(主語を再度目的語で使う)
  • 指示代名詞(this / that / these / those・・・)
  • 不定代名詞(anybody / everybody / nobody / somebody・・・)
  • 疑問代名詞(who / whose / whom / what / which)
  • 関係代名詞(who / whose / whom / which / that)
    • 複合関係代名詞(what / whoever / whomever / whichever / whatever)
    • 疑似関係代名詞(as / but / than)

※日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #97 人称代名詞
→ 文法 #98 所有代名詞
→ 文法 #99 再帰代名詞
→ 文法 #100 指示代名詞
→ 文法 #101 不定代名詞
→ 文法 #102 疑問代名詞
→ 文法 #23 関係代名詞
→ 文法 #75 as の用法(副詞 / 前置詞 / 接続詞 / 関係代名詞)

文法 #102 疑問代名詞

[疑問代名詞]
  • who / whose / whom(誰?)
  • what / (※) / what(何?)
  • which / (※) / which(どちら?)
※what document(何の本)、which station(どちらの駅)といった使い方をする場合、それらの what や which は 疑問形容詞

[who / whose / whom]
  • Who had handed it to her? (主語)
  • Who is that man over there? (補語)
  • Whom are you going to invite? (目的語)
  • Whose keys are on the kitchen counter? (主語)
  • Whose friend is he? (補語)
  • Whose are these books? (補語)
  • Whose bicycle did you want to borrow? (目的語)

[間接疑問文]
名詞節を作る。
  • She asked me who built the building. (主語)
  • I don't know who he is or what he does. (補語&目的語)
  • I don't care whom you invite. (目的語)
  • She isn't sure whose car that is. (所有格:補語)

[whomはあまり使われない]
文法的にはwhomが正しいところでも、whoが良く使われる。
  • Who did you come to the party with?
  • Who did you get that from?
  • I don't know who he gave the book to.
  • That is the woman who I was talking to.
※もちろんwhomにしても問題はない

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #103 代名詞の一覧

文法 #101 不定代名詞

[不定代名詞]
特定のものを指さず、漠然と表す代名詞。
  • (定番)
    • (人)anybody / everybody / nobody / somebody
    • (人)anyone / everyone / no one / someone
    • (物)anything / everything / nothing / something
    • (場所)anywhere /everywhere / nowhere / somewhere
  • (その他)
    • one / none / some / any / other / another / each / every / both / all / either / neither / few / many / several / enough / most / others / such など

[anybody / everybody / nobody / somebody]
  • Is this anybody's coat? (anyは疑問文や否定文で使われる)
  • Everybody enjoys the party. (every~は単数扱い)
  • Nobody came. (no=not anyだが、Anybody did't comeは好まれない)
  • They were staying in somebody's house. (someは肯定文で使わる)

[不定代名詞と不定形容詞]
  • All in the lobby must remain seated. (不定代名詞)
  • All personnel in the lobby must remain seated. (不定形容詞)
  • Please take some to Jack. (不定代名詞)
  • Please take some sticks to fix to Jack. (不定形容詞)

[単数扱い or 複数扱い]
  • 単数扱い
    • anybody / everybody / nobody / somebody
    • anyone / everyone / no one / someone
    • anything / everything / nothing / something
    • another / each / either / enough / less / little / much / neither / one / other
  • 複数扱い
    • both / few / fewer / many / others / several
  • 単複両方
    • all / any / more / most / none / some / such

[Sample Sentences]
  • (〇)Either of the sisters is welcome to attend.
  • (×)Either of the sisters are welcome to attend.
  • (〇)Both of them are busy.
  • (×)Both of them is busy.
  • (〇)None of them is alive.
  • (〇)None of them are alive.

日記 に補足があります。

→ 文法 #103 代名詞の一覧
→ 文法 #111 不定代名詞 one / it と one の違い

文法 #100 指示代名詞

[指示代名詞]
  • this / that / these / those (定番)
  • such / none / neither (英語での文法解説)
  • so / the same (日本語での英文法解説)

[this / that / these / those]
  • This is my chair. (this:singular / near by)
  • That is Richard's house. (that:singular / far away)
  • These are her pens. (these:plural / near by)
  • Those are migrating birds. (those:plural / far away)

[such / none / neither]
※英語圏の文法解説でよく扱われる。
such:もともと形容詞だが、そのような人・ものという風に代名詞として使われることがある。
    • Such is the way of life. (such:singular)
    • Such are the rules. (such:plural)
    • None of this makes sense. (none:singular)
    • None of the people here seem to like the cake I made. (none:plural)
    • Neither is mine. (neither:singular)

    [so / the same]
    ※日本語圏の英文法解説でよく扱われる。
    so:もともと副詞だが、前文の内容を受けて補語や目的語として使われることがある。
    the same:theは冠詞でsameは形容詞だが、修飾する名詞が省略されたためthe sameをまとめて代名詞と考える(人もいる)。
    • Gimmy is a very good long-distance runner and so is his wife. (補語)
    • I think so. (目的語)
    • The same applies to you. (主語)
    • The lunch specials are always the same. (補語)
    • You always try the same and fail. (目的語)

    日記 に補足があります。

    → 文法 #103 代名詞の一覧

    文法 #99 再帰代名詞

    [再帰代名詞]
    • 1人称:myself(単数)/ ourselves(複数)
    • 2人称:yourself(単数)/ yourselves(複数)
    • 3人称:himself(単数)/ herself(単数)/ itself(単数)/ themselves(複数)

    [再帰用法]
    主語と目的語が同一の場合に用いられる。
    • I cut myself on a piece of glass. (他動詞の目的語)
    • I can't bring myself to do that.(他動詞の目的語)
    • I'm going to do this by myself. (前置詞 by の目的語)
    • I'm used to cooking for myself. (前置詞 for の目的語)

    [強調用法]
    文の構造には含まれず、単なる強調のために用いられる。
    • I have to deal with this myself.  (前置詞 by の省略ともとれる)
    • I'm not feeling so good myself.  (前置詞の省略ではない)
    • The boss himself called me about the matter.

    [慣用句]
    • Enjoy yourself.
    • Please make yourself at home.
    • Do it for yourself.
    • They were beside themselves with joy. (beside+再帰代名詞:我を忘れて)

    日記 に補足があります。

    → 文法 #103 代名詞の一覧

    文法 #98 所有代名詞

    [所有代名詞]
    • 1人称:mine(単数) / ours(複数)
    • 2人称:yours(単複)
    • 3人称:his(単) / hers(単) / theirs(複)
      • 人の名前+ 's でも所有代名詞となる(例:John's)
      • 3人称・物(it)の所有代名詞は無い

    [所有代名詞=所有格+名詞]
    • This bag is mine. = This bag is my bag.
    • Ours is the red car parked over there. = Our car is the red one parked over there.
    • Is this yours, Mr. Sam? = Is this your item, Mr. Sam?

    [慣用句]
    • With best wishes to you and yours. (yours = your family)
    • Yours sincerely. ( I am your servant sincerely.)

    [of+所有代名詞]
    所有格は a、an、this、that、no、any、some、every などと併用できないため、所有代名詞を使う。
    • A friend of mine succeeded his business. (a my friend とはできない)
    • Any appeal of yours will not work in his favor. (no your appeal とはできない)
    • That craft of his can travel at 60km/h. (that his craft とはできない)
    • It was no fault of theirs. (no their fault とはできない)

    日記 に補足があります。

    → 文法 #103 代名詞の一覧

    文法 #97 人称代名詞

    ※人称代名詞を最小限で説明するため、主格と目的格のみ扱い、所有格は省略します。
    ※所有代名詞や再帰代名詞も人称代名詞の一形態ですが、ここでは扱わず、別に扱います。

    [人称代名詞]
    • 1人称:I / me(単)、we / us(複)
    • 2人称:you / you(単・複)
    • 3人称:he / him、she / her(人・単)、it / it (物・単)、they / them(複)
    ※"I" は主語で使われ、"me" は目的語で使われる。

    [主格]
    動詞の主語として使われる。
    • I like your dress.
    • We live in England.
    • You are late.
    • He is my friend.
    • She is on holiday.
    • They come from London.
    • It is raining.

    [目的格]
    動詞の目的語として使われる。
    • Can you help me, please?
    • I can see you.
    • She doesn't like him.
    • I saw her in town today.
    • We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn't see us.
    あるいは前置詞の目的語として使われる。
    • She is waiting for me.
    • Don't take it from us.
    • I'll get it for you.
    • Give it to him.
    • Why are you looking at her?
    • I'll speak to them.

    日記 に補足があります。

    → 文法 #103 代名詞の一覧
    → 文法 #111 不定代名詞 one / it と one の違い