課題 #02

［it］
It is ten o'clock. / The time is ten o'clock.
It is cloudy. / The weather is cloudy.
It is about three miles. / The distance is about three miles.

［現在進行形］
She is sleeping in bed.
John was eating lunch at that time.

［受動態］
This book was written by Mr. Brown.
This sneaker was designed by Kei in 2000.
The book was published three weeks ago.
English is spoken in Australia.
I was given a light smart watch by my father.
A light smart watch was given to me by my father.

［that］
I know the PIN number.
He doesn't know that I know the PIN number.
The problem is that he doesn't know that I know the PIN number.

It is said that he was hospitalized.
He is said to be hospitalized.

It is believed that he was rich.
He is believed to have been rich.

It is thought that Michael Jordan was the best basketball player.
Michael Jordan is thought to have been the best basketball player.

It seems that she is very busy today.
She seems to be very busy today.

［感情表現］
His lecture is monotonous and will disappoint us.
Her dishes didn't satisfy me because she loves spicy food.
He tried to explain why the subject interested him.
Traffic jams frustrated me.
Discontinuation of her research disappointed me.
Cancellation of the contract surprised me.

文法
#04 天気・時間・距離で使われる it（ダミーの it）
#05 現在進行形
#06 受動態
#07 仮S真S（形式主語構文）
#08 感情表現

文法 #03 使役動詞

使役動詞（get / have / make / let）
使役動詞＋Ｏ＋Ｃ　～に～させる（～してもらう）
※他にも無理やり～させるという意味のforceやcompel、やむを得ず～させるという意味のcompel、許可するという意味のallowやpermitなど多数ある。

補語が形容詞や過去分詞
  • The news made me happy.
  • I will make my voice heard.
  • I didn’t mean to make you uncomfortable.

補語が不定詞
  • have＋Ｏ＋原型不定詞（当然のことをしてもらう）
  • make＋Ｏ＋原型不定詞（強制的に～させる）
  • get＋Ｏ＋to不定詞（お願いしてやってもらう）
  • let＋Ｏ＋原型不定詞（やりたいことを許可する程度の～させる）

［have］
  • I had my secretary type the letters.
  • The teacher had the students write a test.
  • I had the handyman fix the leak.（便利屋 / 漏れ）

［make］
  • I made Mary drive the car.
  • He made us laugh.（無理やり笑わせたという意味と彼のしぐさで思わず笑ってしまったという意味の２通りの使い方がある）
  • The teacher made Peter work hard.
  • Don’t make Sarah cry.

［get］
  • We couldn’t get him to sign the agreement.
  • I will get him to mow the lawn.
  • How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?

［let］
  • I’ll let you know when I got the answer.
  • My father let me drive his car.
  • I don’t let my kids watch violent movies.

課題 #01

文法 #02 Whichの用法（疑問代名詞と関係代名詞）

疑問代名詞：「どちら・どの・どれ」と訳す。
関係代名詞：先行詞と同一のものを表す。「どちら」とは訳せない。

［疑問文］
  • Which do you use?
  • Which house did you live in?
  • Which travels faster, light or sound?
  • Which is the shortest way to the station?
  • Which do you like better, tea or coffee?
  • Which team is the most likely to win the championship?

［疑問代名詞と関係代名詞］
  • I don't know （that）which you used.
  • I don't know the party which you used.

［疑問代名詞が含まれる節（間接疑問文）では接続詞は省略され名詞節となる］
  • Which travels faster, light or sound?
    → I don't know （省略） which travels faster, light or sound.
  • I know （省略）which way Tom went.
  • It doesn't matter （省略）which side you're on.
※省略された接続詞：that or whether

［間接疑問文の名詞節］
  • Tom can't decide which approach to take.
  • The driver told us which bus we should take.
  • Time will show which of us is right.
  • The teacher asked me which book I liked.

［関係代名詞］
  • Kate found the watch which she had lost.
  • Tom has bought a house which has six rooms.
  • I received a letter which was written by her.
  • The road which leads to the hotel is narrow.
  • This is the camera which I bought yesterday.
  • The town in which I live is rather small.
  • Tom said he was ill, which was a lie.

課題 #01

文法 #01 現在完了

完了 - 直近に完了したアクション

彼は宿題を終えました。
→ He has finished his homework.

彼はちょうど今宿題を終えました。
→ He has just finished his homework.

私はまだ宿題が終わっていません。
→ I have not finished my homework yet.

私は既に宿題が終わっています。
→ I have already finished my homework.

もう宿題を終わらせましたか？
→ Have you finished your homework yet?

経験 - 過去と現在の間の不特定の期間に繰り返されたアクション

私は以前テニスをしたことがある。
→ I have played tennis before.

彼らは彼女に3度会ったことがある。
→ They have met her three times.

私は広島に行ったことがあります。
→ I have been to Hiroshima.

私は広島に行ったことがありません。
→ I have never been to Hiroshima.

あなたは何回広島に行ったことがありますか？
→ How many times have you been to Hiroshima?

継続 - 過去に開始され、現在も継続されているアクション

彼女は2010年から日本に住んでいます。
→ She has lived in Japan since 2010.

彼女は10年間日本に住んでいます。
→ She has lived in Japan for ten years.

私は学校を卒業して以来ずっと仕事をしています。
→ I have worked here since I graduated school.

結果 - 過去に完了したアクションが現在も続いている

春が来ました。
→ Spring has come.

財布が盗まれました。
→ My wallet has stolen.

ジーンは腕を骨折しました。
→ Jean has broken her arm.

Training - これは４つの意味のうちどれ？

How has she done it?（完了）
You have been sick since last week.（継続）
Stacy has become very successful.（結果）
They have never eaten them before.（経験）
You have changed so much!（結果）
Have you cleaned your room yet?（完了）
Sophie has always loved shopping.（継続）
I have thought about it for two hours.（継続）

→ 課題 #01
→ 文法 #34 助動詞の一覧

課題 #01

［現在完了］

［which］

原則（初版：丸暗記すること）

名詞がなれるもの：主語・補語・他動詞の目的語・前置詞の目的語

動詞：自動詞と他動詞
自動詞：目的語を取らない動詞
他動詞：目的語を取る動詞

形容詞の働き：名詞を修飾する
形容詞の用法：限定用法と叙述用法
限定用法：直前または直後の名詞を修飾する
叙述用法：動詞の補語になる

補語になれる品詞：名詞と形容詞
自動詞の補語が名詞の場合：主語＝補語
自動詞の補語が形容詞の場合：補語は主語を説明（意味的に修飾）する
他動詞の補語が名詞の場合：目的語＝補語
他動詞の補語が形容詞の場合：補語は目的語を説明（意味的に修飾）する

副詞の働き：動詞・形容詞・副詞を修飾する

前置詞の働き：後ろに目的語を取って前置詞句を作る
前置詞句の働き：形容詞・副詞

接続詞の働き：
①対等の関係のもの同士を結ぶ
②節と節を結び名詞節または副詞節を作る節：Ｓ＋Ｖ

関係代名詞の働き：
①代名詞の働きをした上で節と節を結び形容詞節を作る
②接続詞＋代名詞

分詞：現在分詞と過去分詞
現在分詞と動名詞の違い：形容詞と名詞
現在分詞と過去分詞の違い：
①現在分詞が修飾する名詞と現在分詞はＳ＋Ｖの関係
②過去分詞が修飾する名詞と過去分詞はＯ＋Ｖの関係

自動詞の補語が現在分詞の場合：主語と補語はＳ＋Ｖの関係
自動詞の補語が過去分詞の場合：主語と補語はＯ＋Ｖの関係
他動詞の補語が現在分詞の場合：目的語と補語はＳ＋Ｖの関係
他動詞の補語が過去分詞の場合：目的語と補語はＯ＋Ｖの関係

不定詞：①to不定詞②助動詞＋不定詞③命令文
to不定詞の用法：名詞用法、形容詞用法、副詞用法
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